.env.production - May 12, 2012 · Sep 26, 2014 at 21:28. Add a comment. 27. You can get nodemon to directly use the .env with the following command. $: env $ (cat .env) nodemon app.js. Be aware that you'll have to restart it if you make changes to .env and it won't like it if there are any spaces in your .env file.

 
This method is useful if you want to temporarily override an .env file that is already referenced in your compose.yml file. For example you may have different .env files for production ( .env.prod) and testing (.env.test). In the following example, there are two environment files, .env and .env.dev. Both have different values set for TAG.. Von dutch jeanspercent27

Oct 7, 2023 · NODE_ENV=production node server.js Conclusion. Understanding and effectively using environment variables in Node.js applications is a fundamental skill for any developer. These variables allow you ... Jul 24, 2019 · An env file for a specific mode (e.g. .env.production) will take higher priority than a generic one (e.g. .env). In addition, environment variables that already exist when Vue CLI is executed have the highest priority and will not be overwritten by .env files..env files are loaded at the start of vue-cli-service. Restart the service after ... I have to manually restart the process using “pm2 restart all --update-env” then pm2 restarts with the correct NODE_ENV var. I would love to make this process automatic and have the NODE_ENV variable be set to production and picked by pm2 whenever the server restarts. Thank you in advance.Good to know: Running next without a command is the same as running next dev. Build. next build creates an optimized production build of your application. The output displays information about each route. Size – The number of assets downloaded when navigating to the page client-side. The size for each route only includes its dependencies. First Load …Then, run npm run build to build your application. Finally, run npm run start to start the Node.js server. This server supports all Next.js features. Docker Image. Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports Docker containers. You can use this approach when deploying to container orchestrators such as Kubernetes or when …if you used this command npm webpack init to create webpack.config.js say no to this (Do you want to simplify the creation of HTML files for your bundle? (Y/n)) question and then use this command npm install --save-dev html-webpack-plugin to add plugin to your webpack config file after that you should see "html-webpack-plugin" in node-modulesI have to manually restart the process using “pm2 restart all --update-env” then pm2 restarts with the correct NODE_ENV var. I would love to make this process automatic and have the NODE_ENV variable be set to production and picked by pm2 whenever the server restarts. Thank you in advance.Jan 10, 2024 · EPA penalizes private landowner for violating the Clean Water Act by discharging fill into the South Fork of the Coeur d’Alene River. Search all news releases. Last updated on January 10, 2024. Website of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA's mission is to protect human health and the environment. Helm is widely known as "the package manager for Kubernetes ". Although it presents itself like this, its scope goes way beyond that of a simple package manager. However, let's start at the beginning. Helm is an open-source project which was originally created by DeisLabs and donated to CNCF, which now maintains it.An env file for a specific mode (e.g. .env.production) will take higher priority than a generic one (e.g. .env). In addition, environment variables that already exist when ….env.development, .env.test, .env.production: Environment-specific settings..env.development.local, .env.test.local, .env.production.local: Local overrides …Feb 19, 2023 · The start script will start the server in a production environment using node. You can urn the start script using the following command. npm run start Conclusion. Environment variables in Node.js are used to manage information that is sensitive and you don't want to write it in your code. You can also store information in the environment ... 特定のモードの env ファイル（例: .env.production）は、汎用の env ファイル（例: .env）よりも優先されます。 また、Vite の実行時に既に存在している環境変数は最も優先度が高く、.env ファイルによって上書きされることはありません。 Set correct publicPath in vue.config.js as explained above. Install the Travis CLI client: gem install travis && travis --login. Generate a GitHub access token with repo permissions. Grant the Travis job access to your repository: travis env set GITHUB_TOKEN xxx ( xxx is the personal access token from step 3.)Configurations are stored in configuration files within your application, and can be overridden and extended by environment variables , command line parameters, or external sources. This gives your application a consistent configuration interface shared among a growing list of npm modules also using node-config.Save config for different environments in different files: .env.staging, .env.production, etc. By default react-native-config will read from .env, but you can change it when building or releasing your app. The simplest approach is to tell it …Mar 5, 2022 · The above code will automatically load the .env file in the root of your project and initialize the values. It will skip any variables that have already been set. You should not use the .env file in your production environment; instead, set the values directly on the host. Therefore, you might want to wrap the config statement in the if-statement. To troubleshoot, follow these steps: Save the .env file at the root of your project. Check the variable name in the .env file matches what you're accessing in your code. Restart the Vite development server to apply changes from the .env file. Ensure the dotenv configuration is correctly set up in your vite.config.js.Deployment System. PM2 features a simple but powerful deployment system that allows to provision and update applications in production environment. This is great when you want to deploy applications on a baremetal server in one or many servers at once. > pm2 deploy <configuration_file> <environment> <command> Commands: setup run remote setup ...Deployment. Strapi provides many deployment options for your project or application. Your Strapi applications can be deployed on traditional hosting servers or your preferred hosting provider. The following documentation covers how to develop locally with Strapi and deploy Strapi with several common hosting options.Though you can run Node.js applications at the command line, this tutorial will focus on running them as a service. This means that they will restart on reboot or failure and are safe for use in a production …The Volkswagen brand has set itself new, ambitious targets for reducing the environmental impact of production. By 2025, vehicles and components are to be produced in a way which is 45 percent more environmentally compatible than in 2010, the reference year for the current Think Blue. Factory. environmental program. This was announced by Thomas …new webpack.DefinePlugin({ ENV_PRODUCTION: !!process.env.NODE_ENV }); Share. Improve this answer. Follow edited Jun 20, 2020 at 9:12. Community Bot. 1 1 1 silver badge. answered Sep 16, 2016 at 15:51. Hitmands Hitmands. 13.7k 4 4 gold badges 35 35 silver badges 73 73 bronze badges. 3.Step one: Go to the root folder of your application and create a text file called .env. Step two: Create your custom variables in the new file. Create React App (CRA) enforces the prefix REACT_APP on every custom variable. Please note that variables without the prefix are ignored during bundling.Jan. 24, 2024. The Biden administration is pausing a decision on whether to approve what would be the largest natural gas export terminal in the United States, a delay that could …Apr 17, 2022 · But I don´t know how to switch between multiple .env files using dotenv. File structure: config/ .env.development .env.production envparser.ts Scripts: yarn start yarn start -p/-production //Or a different Syntax to change envs Sep 5, 2023 · The process.env is a global variable injected at runtime by your Node.js application to depict the state of the environment your app is in at the time of initiation and utilize the same at runtime. There by, its basic use is to depict the state of the system environment of our app on initialization. For example, if you set a PORT variable in ... By Rick Anderson and Kirk Larkin. Application configuration in ASP.NET Core is performed using one or more configuration providers. Configuration providers read configuration data from key-value pairs using a variety of configuration sources: Settings files, such as appsettings.json. Environment variables.Aug 3, 2021 · On your local development environment config the .env file for development: you don't commit either package this file. Production Deployment. Define the runtime configuration: on Heroku use Config Vars to create an environment variable for each property defined in the .env file, for example # .env API_TOKEN = dev1 The main .env file usually contains all common/shared environment variables while other .env files with different suffixes (for example, .env.development, .env.production, .env.staging) contain …Helm is widely known as "the package manager for Kubernetes ". Although it presents itself like this, its scope goes way beyond that of a simple package manager. However, let's start at the beginning. Helm is an open-source project which was originally created by DeisLabs and donated to CNCF, which now maintains it.Apr 7, 2022 · Which means an environment variable for production goes in .env.production file, etc. And here are the steps to follow: Create your .env, or .env.production file... in the root directory of the project, same folder as where package.json is. You define your environment variable with the prefix REACT_APP_ within those env files, like so: Edit Your Production Environment Variables. Click the edit icon next to the environment variable you want to edit. FYI: You'll notice that your production environment variable names are already setup but with blank values. This is by design. Each time you add an environment variable to your .env file it gets copied over to your other environments. Option 1: From build folder you would like to deploy, run the deploy command: cd build/. swa deploy. Note: the "build" folder must contain the static content of your app to be deployed! Option 2: You can also deploy a specific folder: If your front-end application requires a build step, run swa build or refer to your application build instructions.Then, run npm run build to build your application. Finally, run npm run start to start the Node.js server. This server supports all Next.js features. Docker Image. Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports Docker containers. You can use this approach when deploying to container orchestrators such as Kubernetes or when …The getToken () helper requires the following options: req - (object) Request object. secret - (string) JWT Secret. Use NEXTAUTH_SECRET instead. You must also pass any options configured on the jwt option to the helper. e.g. Including custom session maxAge and custom signing and/or encryption keys or options.Alberta's oilsands operations produce far more potentially harmful air pollutants than officially recorded — putting the daily output on par with those from …Apply changes to .env file: APP_ENV=production; APP_DEBUG=false; Make sure that you are optimizing Composer's class autoloader map : composer dump-autoload --optimize; or along install: composer install --optimize-autoloader --no-dev; or during update: composer update --optimize-autoloader; Optimizing Configuration Loading: php artisan …Let's add an environment variable as a configuration option. Create a .env file in the root of your project directory, and store the variable MESSAGE_STYLE=uppercase in it.. Then, in the /json GET route handler you created in the last challenge access process.env.MESSAGE_STYLE and transform the response object's message to …4. The problem is that you're storing the single quotes in NODE_ENV, so the value of NODE_ENV is actually "'production'" instead of just "production". This is evident in your debug output. Change set NODE_ENV='production' to set NODE_ENV=production and it should work as you expect. Share. Jun 19, 2012 · It will take care of trimming the environment variable, and will also make sure it works across different platforms. In the project root, run: npm install cross-env. Then in your package.json, under scripts, add: "start": "cross-env NODE_ENV=dev node your-app-name.js". Then in your terminal, at the project root, start your app by running: An env file for a specific mode (e.g. .env.production) will take higher priority than a generic one (e.g. .env). In addition, environment variables that already exist when Vite is executed have the highest priority and will not be overwritten by .env files. The environment is used to indicate to Flask, extensions, and other programs, like Sentry, what context Flask is running in. It is controlled with the FLASK_ENV environment variable and defaults to production. Setting FLASK_ENV to development will enable debug mode. flask run will use the interactive debugger and reloader by default in debug mode.Jun 13, 2018 · Note 2: this will load .env.production before .env.custom, so if you don't want any of the environment variables set in .env.production in your custom build, you'll want to set those to a blank string in .env.custom. Note 3: If you don't set override: true then environment variables in .env.production will take precedence over .env.custom. This code will automatically load the .env file in the root of your project and initialize the values, skipping any variables already preset. Be careful not to use .env files in your production environment, though. Instead, set the values directly on the respective host. So you might want to wrap your load statement in an if statement:For the smallest possible production build, we recommend minifying your CSS with a tool like cssnano, and compressing your CSS with Brotli. If you’re using Tailwind CLI, you can minify your CSS by adding the --minify flag: npx tailwindcss -o build.css --minify. If you’ve installed Tailwind as a PostCSS plugin, add cssnano to the end of your ...By Rick Anderson and Kirk Larkin. Application configuration in ASP.NET Core is performed using one or more configuration providers. Configuration providers read configuration data from key-value pairs using a variety of configuration sources: Settings files, such as appsettings.json. Environment variables."scripts": { "build": "NODE_ENV=production webpack --config ./webpack.production.config.js" }, now you have to run the following command to initiate the build. npm run build As per my production build configuration webpack will build the source to ./dist directory. Now your UI code will be available in ./dist/ directory.@babel/preset-env takes any target environments you've specified and checks them against its mappings to compile a list of plugins and passes it to Babel.. Browserslist Integration . For browser- or Electron-based projects, we recommend using a .browserslistrc file to specify targets. You may already have this configuration file as it is used by many tools in …Using the Create Environment command. To create local environments in VS Code using virtual environments or Anaconda, you can follow these steps: open the Command Palette ( ⇧⌘P (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+P) ), search for the Python: Create Environment command, and select it. The command presents a list of environment types: Venv or …The following documentation will guide you through building a custom Docker container with an existing Strapi project. Docker is an open platform that allows developing, shipping, and running applications by using containers (i.e. packages containing all the parts an application needs to function, such as libraries and dependencies).Be careful of --env-file, when you use --env your env values will be quoted/escaped with standard semantics of whatever shell you're using, but when using --env-file the values you will get inside your container will be different. The docker run command just reads the file, does very basic parsing and passes the values through to the container, it's not …Laravel's default .env file contains some common configuration values that may differ based on whether your application is running locally or on a production web server. These values are then retrieved from various Laravel configuration files within the config directory using Laravel's env function.@caffeinescript There is currently no way to have any environments other than "development" and "production". A really roundabout workaround I have is to add a script in package.json which sets an environment variable denoting it's testing mode, i.e. build_testing": "set REACT_APP_ENV=test & react-scripts build, and then have a settings.js file where each environment variable has it's own ... New in Babel 7.x, Babel has a concept of a "root" directory, which defaults to the current working directory. For project-wide configuration, Babel will automatically search for a babel.config.json file, or an equivalent one using the supported extensions , in this root directory. Alternatively, users can use an explicit "configFile" value to ...The simplest way to pass an environment value is to hardcode it in the Dockerfile. In some cases, this is good enough. Let’s hardcode John as a default name in our Dockerfile: FROM alpine:latest ENV env_name John COPY greetings.sh . RUN chmod +x /greetings.sh CMD [ "/greetings.sh"] Now we’ll build and run our image.In addition to any process environment variables, if you have a .env file in your project root directory, it will be automatically loaded at dev, build and generate time. Any environment variables set there will be accessible within your nuxt.config file and modules. Note that removing a variable from .env or removing the .env file entirely ... The Journal of Cleaner Production is an international, transdisciplinary journal focusing on Cleaner Production, Environmental, and Sustainability research and practice. Through our published articles, we aim at helping societies become more sustainable. 'Cleaner Production' is a concept that aims at preventing the production of waste, while …Here's the priority of the files for the development build and the production build: Dev.: (npm start): .env.development.local, .env.local, .env.development, .env. …Production theory offers a mathematical framework for modeling important relationships between production activities and the environment. These include the generation and valuation of production-related environmental effects, environmental contributions to production processes, and production effects of environmental …Jun 19, 2012 · It will take care of trimming the environment variable, and will also make sure it works across different platforms. In the project root, run: npm install cross-env. Then in your package.json, under scripts, add: "start": "cross-env NODE_ENV=dev node your-app-name.js". Then in your terminal, at the project root, start your app by running: Sep 29, 2023 · To set up React NODE_ENV on macOS: Open System Preferences and select the “Preferences” menu item. In the Preferences window, select the “Environment” tab. Under the “Environment Variables” column, enter NODE_ENV=production in the text field and click the “Set environment variables…” button. In the Environment Variables window ... Then you use pm2 start ecosystem.json --env production and it will use the attribute env_<name> where name is production here, so it will start your app with NODE_ENV=production. Special ext_type. min_uptime Value of min_uptime can be: Number e.g. "min_uptime": 3000 means 3000 milliseconds.This sets NODE_ENV for current bash session thus any apps started after this statement will have NODE_ENV set to production. method 2: set NODE_ENV for current app. NODE_ENV=production node app.js. This will set NODE_ENV for the current app only. This helps when we want to test our apps on different environments.An environment variable (also known as "env var") is a variable that lives outside of the Python code, in the operating system, and could be read by your Python code (or by other programs as well). You can create and use environment variables in the shell, without needing Python: Linux, macOS, Windows Bash Windows PowerShell.1. Basically you have to manually copy the content of the respective .env files (say .env.stage, .env.production) into the respective GitHub Actions secret variables (say WEBSITE_ENV_STAGE, WEBSITE_ENV_PRODUCTION ). Then at your GitHub Actions workflow script create the .env file from the desired variable like this echo "$ { { …If your environment is set to “production” or “development” Next.js checks for your files in this order:.env.development.local or .env.production.local; …When providing a function, it is called with three parameters (id, parent, isResolved) that can give you more fine-grained control:. id is the id of the module in question; parent is the id of the module doing the import; isResolved signals whether the id has been resolved by e.g. plugins; When creating an iife or umd bundle, you will need to provide global variable …Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about TeamsMake sure you've got defined your surroundings variables in an appropriate .Env documents. In Next.Js, you may use one-of-a-kind .Env files for exceptional environments (e.G., .Env.Local for neighborhood development and .Env.Production for manufacturing). Ensure that the variables you're looking to get entry to are defined in the …The migration CLI is bundled with the knex install, and is driven by the node-liftoff module. To install globally, run: $ npm install knex -g. The migration CLI accepts the following general command-line options. You can view help text and additional options for each command using --help. E.g. knex migrate:latest --help.Finally, it allows your application to be automatically combined with assets from other gems. The asset pipeline is implemented by the importmap-rails, sprockets and sprockets-rails gems, and is enabled by default. You can disable it while creating a new application by passing the --skip-asset-pipeline option.The Journal of Cleaner Production is an international, transdisciplinary journal focusing on Cleaner Production, Environmental, and Sustainability research and practice. Through our published articles, we aim at helping societies become more sustainable. 'Cleaner Production' is a concept that aims at preventing the production of waste, while …pm2 start ecosystem.config.js --env production --only NodeServer For development environment: pm2 start ecosystem.config.js --only NodeServer ...And Boooom! guys. Share. Improve this answer. Follow answered Aug 11, 2021 at 20:28. Shiv Shiv. 3,157 1 1 ...Step one: Go to the root folder of your application and create a text file called .env. Step two: Create your custom variables in the new file. Create React App (CRA) enforces the prefix REACT_APP on every custom variable. Please note that variables without the prefix are ignored during bundling.Jun 19, 2012 · It will take care of trimming the environment variable, and will also make sure it works across different platforms. In the project root, run: npm install cross-env. Then in your package.json, under scripts, add: "start": "cross-env NODE_ENV=dev node your-app-name.js". Then in your terminal, at the project root, start your app by running: Dockerfile - This file will be responsible for importing the Docker images, divide them into development and production environments, ... RUN npm run build FROM node:12.19.0-alpine3.9 as production ARG NODE_ENV=production ENV NODE_ENV=${NODE_ENV} WORKDIR /usr/src/app COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm …Feb 28, 2021 · .env.development.local: 開発環境で使用するシークレットなもの (リポジトリに含めず.ignore定義しておく) yarn dev実行時に読み込まれる: 1 (開発).env.production: 本番環境で使用するデフォルト値: yarn start, next build実行時に読み込まれる: 3 (本番).env.production.local Jan 10, 2024 · EPA penalizes private landowner for violating the Clean Water Act by discharging fill into the South Fork of the Coeur d’Alene River. Search all news releases. Last updated on January 10, 2024. Website of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA's mission is to protect human health and the environment. dev: Used for running the specific commands for serving the project, to any server, to live development. In the case of a web page, you'll see your web page in the browser, and any change you make to the HTML code, for example, will be reflected immediately in the page you see in your browser. prod: Compiles all the necessary files …Aug 11, 2020 · Production environment is a term used mostly by developers to describe the setting where software and other products are actually put into operation for their intended uses by end users. A production environment can be thought of as a real-time setting where programs are run and hardware setups are installed and relied on for organization or ... May 12, 2012 · Sep 26, 2014 at 21:28. Add a comment. 27. You can get nodemon to directly use the .env with the following command. $: env $ (cat .env) nodemon app.js. Be aware that you'll have to restart it if you make changes to .env and it won't like it if there are any spaces in your .env file. An env file for a specific mode (e.g. .env.production) will take higher priority than a generic one (e.g. .env ). In addition, environment variables that already exist when Vite is executed have the highest priority and will not be overwritten by .env files. For example, when running VITE_SOME_KEY=123 vite build. Though you can run Node.js applications at the command line, this tutorial will focus on running them as a service. This means that they will restart on reboot or failure and are safe for use in a production …If your environment is set to “production” or “development” Next.js checks for your files in this order:.env.development.local or .env.production.local; …if you used this command npm webpack init to create webpack.config.js say no to this (Do you want to simplify the creation of HTML files for your bundle? (Y/n)) question and then use this command npm install --save-dev html-webpack-plugin to add plugin to your webpack config file after that you should see "html-webpack-plugin" in node-modulesAbstract. Production theory offers a mathematical framework for modeling important relationships between production activities and the environment. These include the generation and valuation of ...

I use this in my npm scripts: { "scripts": { "build": "cross-env NODE_ENV=production webpack --config build/webpack.config.js" } } Ultimately, the command that is executed (using cross-spawn ) is: webpack --config build/webpack.config.js. The NODE_ENV environment variable will be set by cross-env. You can set multiple environment variables at a ... . Houses for rent in cleveland ohio under dollar900

.env.production

The environmental production function credits a producer solely for expanding good output production, while the directional environmental distance function credits a producer for simultaneously increasing production of the good output and reducing production of bad outputs. Estimates of technical efficiency and pollution …I have to manually restart the process using “pm2 restart all --update-env” then pm2 restarts with the correct NODE_ENV var. I would love to make this process automatic and have the NODE_ENV variable be set to production and picked by pm2 whenever the server restarts. Thank you in advance.Feb 12, 2021 · Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher. 1- install env-cmd package from npm. 2- make a file called .env.envName in your project root. sush as .env.staging, .env.production, ... to differentiate between variables in each environment. 3- inside the env file add your variables in key/value representation with prefix of ... 1.24GB is pretty big! Let's dive back into our Dockerfile and make some optimizations.. Use Alpine node images. It's recommended to use the Alpine node images when trying to optimize for image size. Using node:18-alpine instead of node:18 by itself reduces the image size from 1.24GB to 466MB!. Add a NODE_ENV environment …Here's how to do it: Click on "New" and select "Static Site" from the option. Select your repository, and in the next screen, fill the fields as shown below: Name: YOUR_DESIRED_NAME. Runtime: Node. Build Command: npm run install-client && npm run build-client. Publish directory: ./client/build.Note: The env_production in the ecosystem file is a regex like env_* that can have any value and be called when using the CLI via -- env *.. Update. If you are using Ecosystem file to manage your application environment variables under the env: attribute, the updated ones will always be updated on pm2 <restart/reload> app. $ pm2 restart/reload …Deployment System. PM2 features a simple but powerful deployment system that allows to provision and update applications in production environment. This is great when you want to deploy applications on a baremetal server in one or many servers at once. > pm2 deploy <configuration_file> <environment> <command> Commands: setup run remote setup ...Setting the environment to production generally ensures that. logging is kept to a minimum, essential level; more caching levels take place to optimize performance; For example Pug, the templating library used by Express, compiles in debug mode if NODE_ENV is not set to production. Express views are compiled in every request in development mode ... Deployment System. PM2 features a simple but powerful deployment system that allows to provision and update applications in production environment. This is great when you want to deploy applications on a baremetal server in one or many servers at once. > pm2 deploy <configuration_file> <environment> <command> Commands: setup run remote setup ...Configurations are stored in configuration files within your application, and can be overridden and extended by environment variables , command line parameters, or external sources. This gives your application a consistent configuration interface shared among a growing list of npm modules also using node-config.Aug 11, 2020 · Production environment is a term used mostly by developers to describe the setting where software and other products are actually put into operation for their intended uses by end users. A production environment can be thought of as a real-time setting where programs are run and hardware setups are installed and relied on for organization or ... The environmental production function credits a producer solely for expanding good output production, while the directional environmental distance function credits a producer for simultaneously increasing production of the good output and reducing production of bad outputs. Estimates of technical efficiency and pollution …@babel/preset-env takes any target environments you've specified and checks them against its mappings to compile a list of plugins and passes it to Babel.. Browserslist Integration . For browser- or Electron-based projects, we recommend using a .browserslistrc file to specify targets. You may already have this configuration file as it is used by many tools in …in package.json we have to config like below (works in Linux and Mac OS) the important thing is "export NODE_ENV=production" after your build commands below is an example:Jan 8, 2024 · NODE_ENV is an environment variable that stands for Node environment in the Express server. The NODE_ENV environment variable specifies the environment in which an application is running (usually, development or production). Depending on this an application may perform specific tasks like turning debugging on or off, listening on a specific ... docker run -v $(pwd):/usr/src/app --rm -it -e NODE_ENV=production node:8 npm install NPM Documentation here. production. Default: false; Type: Boolean Set to true to run in "production" mode. devDependencies are not installed at the topmost level when running local npm install without any arguments. Set the …This worked for me too. the correct .env config for this is: APP_ENV=production – Disapamok. Apr 28, 2022 at 9:47. Add a comment | 9 For laravel 8, if you tried all of the above methods but got browser redirected you too many times error, please set proxies in TrustProxies middleware like the following:.

Popular Topics